Rudzi rwevanhu rwakashandisa zvinhu zvakasikwa zvepolymeric sehuni, dehwe nemvere kubva pakutanga kwenhoroondo, asi mapolymer ekugadzira akagoneka mushure mekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwerabha muma1800s.Iyo yekutanga synthetic polymer zvinhu, celluloid, yakagadzirwa naJohn Wesley Hyatt muna 1869, kubva ku cellulose nitrate uye camphor.Kubudirira kukuru mukugadzirwa kwemapolima kwaive kugadzirwa kweBakelite naLeo Hendrik Baekeland muna 1907. Basa raHermann Staudinger kuma1920s rainyatsoratidza macromolecular maitiro emacheni marefu anodzokorora mayunitsi.1 Shoko rokuti 'polymer' rinobva muchiGiriki, uye rinoreva 'zvizhinji. zvikamu'.Kukura nekukurumidza kweindasitiri yepolymer kwakatanga nguva pfupi Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri isati yatanga, nekuvandudzwa kwema acrylic polymers, polystyrene, nylon, polyurethanes uye kwakazounzwa polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene uye mamwe mapolymers kuma1940 nema1950s.Nepo matani angangoita miriyoni imwe chete akagadzirwa muna 1945, kugadzirwa kwemapurasitiki muhuwandu kwakapfuura kuya kwesimbi muna 1981, uye gaka iri riri kuramba richikura kubva ipapo.
Mapolymer akachena haawanzogadziriswa ega.Zvinosanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu, kazhinji nemuchina kusanganisa kana kunyunguduka kusanganisa kugadzira pellets, hupfu kana akes kuti zvishandiswe mumabasa anotevera ekugadziridza.Mishonga inogona kusanganisira Ž llers (kuderedza mutengo), kusimbisa, mamwe mapolymers, mavara, ame retardants, stabilizers (kudzivirira kuparara kubva kuchiedza, kupisa kana zvimwe zvakatipoteredza) uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa.
Synthetic polymers inogona kuiswa muzvikamu zviviri.Thermoplastics (kusvika kure vhoriyamu yakakura) inogona kunyungudutswa nekudziya, solidiŽ ed nekutonhodza uye kunyungudika kakawanda.Mhando huru ndeye polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) uye polyamide (PA, naironi).Thermosets inoomeswa nekushandiswa kwekupisa uye kudzvanywa, nekuda kwekuyambuka, kureva kugadzirwa kwekusingaperi mativi matatu network.Iwo haagone kupfaviswa nekudziya kwekugadzirisa zvakare.Bakelite, epoxies uye akawanda polyurethanes ndiwo thermosets.
Ikozvino mhedziso yakazvipira chete pakugadziriswa kwe thermoplastics.Commercial thermoplastics inorongwa maererano nekuita kwavo se'chigadzirwa' (yakaderera kuita, sePE, PP, PS nePVC), 'Engineering' (sePC, naironi nePET) kana 'advanced' (kushanda kwepamusoro, senge liquid crystal polymers (LCPs), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) uye polyetheretherketone (PEEK)).Iko kwaitarisirwa kuputika kukura muinjiniya uye mapolymer epamberi haana kuitika.Kushandiswa kwemapurasitiki kwave kuramba kuchikura mukati memakumi matatu emakore apfuura, asi kunyanya muchikamu chezvigadzirwa.Parizvino, mapolymer emidziyo anosvika ~ 88% yevhoriyamu yakagadzirwa, matatu einjiniya mapurasitiki ~ 12% uye akakwira isingasviki 1%.Kunyangwe mitengo yemapolima emhando yepamusoro pakirogiramu yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yemapolymer emidziyo, kukosha kwavo kwepasirese kuhupfumi kuchiri kudiki.
Mapurasitiki emidziyo ane simba rakaderera uye kuomarara kana achienzaniswa nesimbi kana ceramics, uye anowanzo ratidza kukambaira pasi pesimba rinoshandiswa.Ivo zvakare vane tembiricha inogumira mukushandiswa kwavo sezvakaoma (zvizhinji zvinonyunguduka mumhando 100– 250°C).Iyo tensile moduli yezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki ndeye ~ 1 GPa (ichienzaniswa ne210 GPa yesimbi).Signi-Ž cant kuvandudzwa kunogona kuwanikwa nekumisikidzwa kwemaketani epolymer.Chaizvoizvo, carbon-carbon bonds yakasimba zvikuru, uye single Ž lament polyethylenes yakagadzirwa ine modulus values inodarika iyo yesimbi.Kutarisa kwepamusoro kunogona kuwanikwa nehunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa hunyanzvi, semuenzaniso extrusion uye inotevera kudhirowa pane yakaderera tembiricha.Pakudziya kwakadzikama cheni dzepolymer dzine kushomeka kwekufamba, uye kutaridzika kunosara mushure mekutambanudza.Zvichangoburwa zvakawanikwa uye kusimukira kwesaiti imwechete, metallocene based catalysts zvakakonzera mamakisi matsva ezvigadzirwa zvepolymer akadzora mamorekuru ekuvaka ane zvivakwa zvakagadziridzwa.
Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwemapolymers kwakawedzera3 kubva pamamiriyoni makumi maviri nemanomwe emamiriyoni muna 1975 kusvika ~ 200 miriyoni matani pagore muna 2000 uye ichiri kukura.Sekureva kweshumo richangoburwa, 4 kutakura zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki muUSA muna 2000 zvakasvika mabhiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi matatu emadhora, uye maindasitiri ekupa maindasitiri aive nekutengesa kwemabhiriyoni makumi mapfumbamwe emadhora, zvichiunza huwandu hwepagore kumadhora mazana mana nemakumi maviri emadhora.Basa rose raifungidzirwa kuva 2 .4 miriyoni - inenge 2% yevashandi vekuUS.Kukura kweindasitiri yepolymer imhaka yemubatanidzwa wakasarudzika wezvivakwa zvezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki, izvo zvinosanganisira kuumbwa kwakapusa uye kugadzirwa, kuderera kwe density, kuramba kutu, magetsi uye kupisa kwemafuta, uye kazhinji kunofadza kuomarara uye kuomarara pahuremu hweyuniti.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-04-2018